探索性数据分析

Microscopy and Scientific Imaging Formats#

Reviewed: 2026-09-30 Executable scope: Metadata-only PNG/JPEG and TIFF/OME-TIFF inspection. Pixels are never decoded by bundled tools.

Exact capability matrix#

Format	Bundled inspection	Depth
.png, .jpg, .jpeg	Optional, pillow==12.3.0	Width, height, mode, frame count, format, and metadata-entry count
.tif, .tiff	Optional, tifffile==2026.9.20	Bounded pages and generic series, shape/dtype, BigTIFF/OME flags
.ome.tif, .ome.tiff	Optional, tifffile==2026.9.20	Same structural metadata; OME-XML values are not emitted or semantically validated
ND2/CZI/LIF and other vendor microscopy	No	Reference-only vendor/Bio-Formats workflow
DICOM/NIfTI/MRC	No	Reference-only medical/neuro/EM workflow
SVS/NDPI and other whole-slide formats	No	Reference-only WSI workflow
OME-Zarr/Zarr	No	Directory/store formats are outside the regular-file boundary

No bundled script supports “all Pillow formats” or “all tifffile formats.” Only the registered suffixes above are accepted. Unknown formats fail closed.

Metadata-only safety model#

Images and metadata can contain protected health information, accession numbers, specimen labels, GPS/EXIF fields, user comments, XML, external references, or adversarial text. The inspectors:

• accept only bounded local regular files inside --root;
• reject URLs, traversal, symlinks, special files, and suffix/signature mismatches;
• reject declared element counts above 100,000,000 and excessive TIFF pages/series;
• make Pillow decompression-bomb warnings fatal;
• never call load(), asarray(), imread(), image codecs, or thumbnail generation;
• report metadata counts and structural facts, not EXIF/tag/OME-XML values;
• never follow metadata links or embedded instructions; and
• do not claim full corruption, codec, or semantic validation.

Metadata-only access reduces decompression risk but is not a sandbox. Keep libraries pinned and inspect untrusted images in an isolated, resource-limited process when risk warrants it.

PNG and JPEG#

Pillow's Image.open() is lazy: it identifies the container and reads enough header information to construct an image object. The bundled inspector closes the object without decoding pixels.

Interpret carefully#

• PNG may be palette, grayscale, RGB/RGBA, 8/16-bit, multi-frame/APNG, or carry textual/profile chunks.
• JPEG is lossy and normally unsuitable as a quantitative raw measurement source. Repeated saves change pixels.
• Width/height/mode do not establish bit-depth fidelity, calibration, channel identity, linearity, saturation, or acquisition settings.
• Metadata may be stale after image processing.

For quantitative EDA, retain the acquisition-native image and compare container metadata to instrument records. Do not compute intensity statistics from display/export JPEGs.

TIFF#

TIFF is a flexible container, not a single pixel organization. It can contain multiple pages, tiles/strips, pyramids, SubIFDs, private/vendor tags, external storage, and many compression schemes. A .tif suffix alone does not imply microscopy or OME conformance.

The bundled tifffile inspector reports:

• main-page and generic-series counts, bounded to 1,000 and 128;
• per-series shape, axes, element count, and dtype kind/item size;
• classic TIFF versus BigTIFF; and
• whether tifffile identifies OME metadata.

The current public tiff.series(kind="generic") API groups local pages without reconstructing OME/vendor dimensions or discovering companion files. The pinned _multifile=False argument adds an upstream internal safeguard; recheck it when upgrading tifffile. Shape and axes describe generic page groups, not validated OME XYZCT dimensions. Main pages plus declared immediate SubIFDs share the 1,000-entry limit. Nested pyramids are not exhaustively validated.

The reader necessarily parses structural tag values internally but never emits raw tags or OME-XML. It does not decode compressed segments, validate every IFD, open companion storage, or establish scientifically correct axis semantics.

OME-TIFF#

OME-TIFF stores one or more image planes in TIFF and embeds an OME-XML metadata block. Multi-file datasets can use UUID-based references. The OME specification is richer than a filename convention.

Before quantitative analysis, use OME-aware validation to confirm:

• OME-XML schema/version and UUID/file references;
• dimension order and sizes for X/Y/Z/C/T;
• TiffData plane-to-IFD mapping;
• physical pixel sizes and units;
• channel names, wavelengths, detector/objective settings, and acquisition times; and
• whether pyramids, labels, ROIs, or companion files are expected.

The bundled inspector deliberately does not emit OME-XML because it may contain identifiers or prompt-like text. is_ome_tiff=true is not a validation result.

Reference-only vendor microscopy#

ND2, CZI, LIF, VSI, proprietary whole-slide files, and similar formats require a version-aware vendor reader or Bio-Formats. Capabilities vary by library, native dependency, file generation version, and series type. Do not choose a reader only from a suffix.

Workflow:

1. Preserve the original and capture instrument/software versions.
2. Open a small approved file with a pinned reader in an isolated environment.
3. Inventory scenes/series and XYZCT axes before loading pixels.
4. Compare dimensions, calibration, channels, stage positions, and timestamps to acquisition records.
5. Bound tile/plane reads and never eagerly materialize a whole slide or 5-D image.
6. Convert a derived copy to OME-TIFF/OME-Zarr only with provenance and round-trip checks.

Reference-only medical and whole-slide imaging#

DICOM#

DICOM is a clinical standard with extensive metadata and possible PHI. A single .dcm may be one instance in a study/series. Use institutional policy, approved de-identification, and DICOM-aware tools. Do not print patient, study, series, accession, date, burned-in annotation, or private-tag values.

NIfTI#

Validate dimensions, voxel sizes, affine/qform/sform, units, orientation, scaling, and time axis with neuroimaging tooling. .nii.gz is compressed and is not decompressed by bundled scripts.

Whole-slide imaging#

SVS, NDPI, and related formats are large tiled pyramids and may contain label or macro images with identifiers. Use OpenSlide/tiffslide or a validated vendor reader, inspect associated images, and sample bounded tiles. Split by patient before tile generation to prevent leakage.

Imaging EDA rigor#

1. Define the independent unit: pixel, object, field, well, section, specimen, subject, or acquisition session.
2. Separate biological from technical replication and avoid treating tiles or cells from one specimen as independent subjects.
3. Record calibration, units, bit depth, detector response, exposure, gain, illumination, objective, channel, Z/T spacing, and processing history.
4. Audit missing/corrupt planes, saturation, clipping, background, focus, illumination, registration, segmentation, and batch/site effects.
5. Preserve raw pixels. Do not automatically rescale, denoise, background subtract, discard fields, or remove objects.
6. Fit normalization, segmentation thresholds, feature selection, and models on training specimens only; split subjects/specimens before tiling.
7. Report object/field/specimen-level sensitivity, not only pooled pixels.
8. Do not infer biological mechanism, diagnosis, or treatment effect from descriptive image patterns.

Pinned optional snapshot#

uv pip install \
  "pillow==12.3.0" \
  "tifffile==2026.9.20" \
  "numpy==2.5.3"

Pillow 12.3.0 was released 2026-07-01 and requires Python 3.10+. tifffile 2026.9.20 was released 2026-09-21 and requires Python 3.12+. Imagecodecs is not installed or invoked by the metadata-only inspector.

Authoritative sources#

Current parser APIs and format guidance reviewed 2026-09-30. Historical methodology citations are retained as source context.

• Pillow, Image module and decompression-bomb protection.
• Pillow PyPI, version 12.3.0, released 2026-07-01.
• tifffile, current API and generic-series examples.
• tifffile PyPI, version 2026.9.20, released 2026-09-21; upstream notes that codecs are required for decoding compressed segments.
• Library of Congress, TIFF, Revision 6.0 format description and the ITU-hosted TIFF 6.0 specification.
• OME, OME-TIFF specification.
• OME, OME Data Model and File Formats.
• DICOM Standards Committee, current DICOM standard.
• OpenSlide, supported formats and Python API.
• National Academies (2019), reproducibility and provenance.